Eaton, L., Flisher, A. J., & Aaro, L. E. (2003). Unsafe sexual behaviour in South African youth. Social Science and Medicine, 56(1), 149-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00017-5
Jewkes, R., Nduna, M., Levin, J., Jama, N., Dunkle, K., Puren, A., & Duvvury, N. (2008). Impact of Stepping Stones on incidence of HIV and HSV-2 and sexual behaviour in rural South Africa: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 337(aug07_1), a506-. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a506
Kuate-Defo, B. (2004). Young people’s relationships with sugar daddies and sugar mummies: what do we know and what do we need to know? African Journal of Reproductive Health, 8(2), 13-37. DOI: 10.2307/3583175
Mathews, C., Aar繪, L. E., Flisher, A. J., Mukoma, W., Wubs, A. G., & Schaalma, H. (2009). Predictors of early first sexual intercourse among adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa. Health Education Research, 24(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1093/her/cym079
Pettifor, A. E., Rees, H. V., Kleinschmidt, I., Steffenson, A. E., MacPhail, C., Hlongwa-Madikizela, L., . . . Padian, N. S. (2005). Young people’s sexual health in South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviors from a nationally representative household survey. AIDS, 19(14), 1525- 1534.
Protogerou, C., Flisher, A. J., Aar繪, L. E., & Mathews, C. (2012). The theory of planned behaviour as a framework for predicting sexual risk behaviour in sub-Saharan African youth: A critical review. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 24(1), 15-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2011.621067
Protogerou, C., Flisher, A. J., Wild, L. G., & Aar繪, L. E. (2013). Predictors of condom use in South African university students: a prospective application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, E23-E36. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12039
Schaalma, H., Aar繪, L. E., Flisher, A. J., Mathews, C., Kaaya, S., Onya, H., . . . Klepp, K.-I. (2009). Correlates of intention to use condoms among Sub-Saharan African youth: The applicability of the theory of planned behaviour. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37(2 suppl), 87- 91. doi: 10.1177/1403494808090632
Jewkes, R. et al. (2008). Impact of Stepping Stones on incidence of HIV and HSV-2 and sexual behavior in rural South Africa: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 337: a506. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a506
Jewkes & Morrell (2010). Gender and sexuality: emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 13.6. DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-13-6
Kaufman & Stravon. (2004). ‘Bus Fare Please’: The economics of sex and gifts among young people in urban South Africa. Culture, Health & Sexualit, 6.5,377-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050410001680492
MacPhail, Catherine and Catherine Campbell. (2001). ‘I think Condoms are Good but, aai, I Hate Those Things’: Condom Use Among Adolescents and Young People in a South African Township. Social Science and Medicine, 52, 1613-1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00272-0
Ragnarsson, A. et al (2008). Young males’ gender sexuality in the era of HIV and AIDS in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Qualitative Health Research, 18.6, 739-746. doi: 10.1177/1049732308318373
Reddy & Dunne (2007). Risking it: young heterosexual femininities in South African context of HIV/AIDS. Sexualities, 10.2, 159-172.
Varga, C. (2003). How gender role influence sexual and reproductive health among South African Adolescents. Studies in Family Planning, 34.3, 160-172. DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2003.00160.x
Morojele, N. K., Kachieng’a, M. A., Mokoko, E., Nkoko, M. A., Parry, C. D. H., Nkowane, A. M., Moshia, K. M., & Sexana, S. 2005, “Alcohol use and sexual behaviour among risky drinkers and bar and shebeen patrons in Gauteng province, South Africa”, Social Science & Medicine, vol. 62, pp. 217-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.031
Pettifor, A. E., Rees, H. V., Kleinschmidt, I., Steffenson, A. E., MacPhail, C., HlongwaMadikizela, L., Vermaak, K., & Padian, N. S. 2005, “Young people’s sexual health in 109 South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviors from a nationally representative household survey”, AIDS, vol. 19, no. 14.
Wechsberg, W. M., Zule, W.A., Luseno, W.K., Kline, T.L., Browne, F.A., Novak, S.P., & Ellerson, R. (2011). Effectiveness of an adapted evidence-based woman-focused intervention for sex workers and non-sex workers: the woman’s health coop in South Africa. Journal Of Drug Issues, 41(2), 232-252. doi: 10.1177/002204261104100205
Wong, F. Y., Huang, Z., DiGangi, J. A., Thompson, E. E., & Smith, B. D. (2008). Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Violence on Substance Abuse, Sexual Risks, and Depression among a sample of South Africans in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Education & Prevention, 20(1), 56-64.
Ansell, Nicola. 2001. “’Because it’s Our Culture!’ (Re)negotiating the Meaning of Lobola in Southern African Secondary Schools.” Journal of Southern African Studies no. 27 (4):697- 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070120090691
Bhana, D., and R. Pattman. 2009. “Researching South African youth, gender and sexuality within the context of HIV/AIDS.” Development no. 52 (1):68-74.
Harrison, A., L.F. O’Sullivan, S. Hoffman, C. Dolezal, and R. Morrell. 2006. “Gender role and relationship norms among young adults in South Africa: Measuring the context of masculinity and HIV risk.” Journal of Urban Health no. 83 (4):709-722. DOI: 10.1007/s11524-006-9077-y
Hunter, M. 2007. “The changing political economy of sex in South Africa: the significance of unemployment and inequalities to the scale of the AIDS pandemic.” Social Science & Medicine no. 64 (3):689-700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.015
Kahn, L. 2008. Sexual subjects: A feminist poststructuralist analysis of female adolescent sexual subjectivity and agency, Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
Lesch, E., and L. Kruger. 2004. “Reflections on the sexual agency of young women in a lowincome rural South African community.” South African Journal of Psychology no. 34 (3):464. doi: 10.1177/008124630403400308
Reddy, S., Dunne, M. . 2007. “Risking It: Young heterosexual femininities in South African Context of HIV/AIDS.” Sexualities no. 10 (2):157-170.
Shefer, T, Strebel, A., Foster, D. 2009a. “Discourses of power and violence in students’ talk on heterosexual negotiation.” South African Journal of Psychology no. 30 (2):28- 36.
Shefer, T., and D. Foster. 2009. “Heterosex among young South Africans: research reflections.” In Waetjen, T. and Bentley, KA. The Prize and the Price: Shaping Sexualities in South Africa:267-289. Cape Town: HSRC
Shefer, T., Foster, D. 2002. “Discourses on women’s (hetero)sexuality and desire in a South African local context.” Culture, Health and Sexuality no. 3 (4):375-390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/136910501753184123
Sigxashe, T. A., R. Baggaley, and C. Mathews. 2001 “Attitudes to disclosure of HIV status to sexual partners.” South African Medical Journal no. 91 (11):908-9.
Dunkle, K., Jewkes, R., Brown, H., Gray, G., McIntyre, J., & Harlow, S. (2004b). Transactional sex among women in Soweto, South Africa: prevalence, risk factors and association with HIV infection. Social Science and Medicine, 59, 1581-1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.02.003
Gupta, G. (2000). Gender, Sexuality, and HIV/AIDS: The What, the Why, and the How. Plenary Address at XIIIth International AIDS Conference. Durban, South Africa: International Center for Research on Women.
Mash, R. A., Kerethi, R., & Mash, R. J. (2006). Survey of sexual behaviour among Anglican youth in the Western Cape. South African Medical Journal, 96, 124-127.
Bhana, D. & Epstein, D. (2007). ‘I don’t wanna catch it’: Boys, girls and sexualities in an HIV environment. Gender and Education, 19(1), 109-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540250601087835
Carton, B. (2006). “We are made quiet by this annihilation”: Historicizing concepts of bodily pollution and dangerous sexuality in South Africa. The International Journal of African Historical studies, 39(1), http://www.jstor.org/stable/40033997
Erlank, N. (2001). Missionary views on sexuality in Xhosaland in the 19th century. Social Sciences and Missions, 11, 9-44.
Harrison, A. (2008). Hidden love: Sexual ideologies and relationship ideals among rural South African adolescents in the context of HIV/AIDS. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(2), 175-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050701775068
James, S., Reddy, S.P., Taylor, M. & Jinabhai, C.C. (2004). Young people, HIV/AIDS/STI’s and sexuality in South Africa: The gap between awareness and behaviour. Acta Paediatr, 93, 264-269. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00718.x
Mahoney, M.R. & Parle, J. (2004). An ambiguous sexual revolution: Sexual change and intragenerational conflict in colonial Natal. South African Historical Journal, 50(1), 134-151. DOI:
10.1080/02582470409464799
Maseko, D.V. (2011). Incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among school students in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. National Health Laboratory Service.
Moodie, T.D. (1988). Migrancy and male sexuality on the South African gold mines. Journal of Southern African Studies, 14, 228-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057078808708172
O’Sullivan, L.F., Harrison, A., Morrell, R. & Monroe-Wise, A. (2006). Gender dynamics in the primary sexual relationships of young rural South Africans. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 8, 99-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050600665048
Peltzer, K. (2006). Sexuality amongst adolescents in rural and urban South Africa. South African Review of Sociology, 37(2), 189-199.
Pettifor, A.E., Rees, H.V., Kleinschmidt, I., Steffenson, A.E., MacPhail, C., Hlongwa-Madikizela, L., Vermaak, K. & Padian, N.S. (2005). Young people’s sexual health in South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviors from a nationally representative household survey. AIDS, 19, 1525-1534.
Posel, D. (2004). Getting the nation talking about sex: reflections on the discursive construction of sexuality in South Africa since 1994. Agenda, 62, 53-63.
Reid, G. & Walker, L. (2004). Sex then and now: Exploring South Africa’s sexual histories. South African Historical Journal, 50(1), 77-83. DOI:
10.1080/02582470409464796
Reid, G. & Walker, L. (2005). Sex and secrecy: A focus on African sexualities. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 7(3), 185-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050412331334353
Shefer, T. & Foster, D. (2009). Heterosex among young South Africans: Research reflections. In Steyn, M & Van Zyl, M. (eds.), The Price/The Prize: Shaping Sexualities in the New South Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Shefer, T. & Ruiters, K. (1998). The masculine construct in heterosex. Agenda, 27, 39-45.
Varga, C. (1997). Sexual decision making and negotiation in the midst of AIDS: Youth in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. Health Transition Review, 7(3), 45-68. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40608688
Varga, C. (2003). How gender roles influence sexual and reproductive health among South African adolescents. Studies in Family Planning, 34(3), 160-172. DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2003.00160.x
Varga, C. & Makubalo, L. (1996). Sexual (non) negotiation among black adolescents in Cape Town. Agenda, 28, 31-38.
Macleod, C., & Vincent, L. (2014). Introducing a critical pedagogy of sexual and reproductive citizenship: Extending the framework of the ‘Framework of Thick Desire’. In L. Allen, M. L. Rasmussen & K. Quinlivan (Eds), The politics of pleasure in sexuality education: Pleasure bound (pp.115-136). New York: Routledge
Pettifor, A. E., Rees, H. V., Kleinschmidt, I., Steffenson, A. E., MacPhail, C., Hlongwa-Madikizela, L., … & Padian, N. S. (2005). Young people’s sexual health in South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviors from a nationally representative household survey. Aids, 19(14), 1525-1534.
Lesch, E., & Kruger, L. M. (2004). Reflections on the sexual agency of young women in a low-income rural South African community. South African Journal of Psychology, 34(3), 464-486. doi: 10.1177/008124630403400308
Shefer, T., Strebel, A., & Foster, D. (2000). “So Women Have to Submit to That…”. Discourses of Power and Violence in Student’s Talk on Heterosexual Negotiation. South African Journal of Psychology, 20(2), 11-19. doi: 10.1177/008124630003000202
Eaton L, Flisher A, Aaro L. 2003. Unsafe sexual behaviour in South African youth. Social Science & Medicine. 56(1): 149-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00017-5
Maluleke, T.X. 2007. The youth’s perceptions of sexuality in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Health SA Gesondheid, 12(3):3-16.
Delius, P., & Glaser, C. (2002). Sexual socialization in South Africa: a historical perspective. African Studies, 61, 27-54. DOI:
10.1080/00020180220140064
Kaufman, C. E., Clark, S., Manzini, N., & May, J. (2004). Communities, opportunities, and adolescents’ sexual behaviour in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 35, 261-274. DOI: 10.1111/j.0039-3665.2004.00030.x
Kelly, K., & Ntlabati, P. (2002). Early adolescent sex in South Africa: HIV intervention challenges. Social Dynamics, 28. 42-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533950208458722
Leclerc-Madlala, S. (2002). Youth, HIV/AIDS and the importance of sexual culture and context. Social Dynamics, 28, 20-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533950208458721
Phetla, G., Busza, J., Hargreaves, J. R., Pronyk, P. M., Kim, J. C., Morison, L. A., Watts, C., & Porter, J. D. H. (2008). ‘They have opened our mouths’: increasing women’s skills and motivation for sexual communication with young people in rural South Africa. AIDS Education and Prevention, 20, 504-518.
Schwab Zabin, L., & Kiragu, K. (1998). The health consequences of adolescent sexual and fertility behaviour in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 29, 210-232. DOI: 10.2307/172160
Selikow, T.A., Ahmed, N., Flisher, A., Mathews, C., & Mukoma, W. (2009). ‘I am not umqwayito’: a qualitative study of peer pressure and sexual risk behaviour among young adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37, 107-112. doi: 10.1177/1403494809103903
Swart-Kruger, J., & Richter, L. (1997). AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among South African street youth: reflections on power, sexuality and the autonomous self. Social Science & Medicine, 45, 957-966. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00417-0
Amod, Z. & Shmukler, D. (1986). Sexual attitudes and behaviour of
Indian South African students. South African Journal of Psychology, 16, 21-26. doi: 10.1177/008124638601600104
Flisher, Al, Roberts, M.M. & Blignaut, RJ. (1992). Youth attending Cape peninsula day hospitals: sexual behaviour and missed opportunities for contraception counselling. South African Journal ofMedicine, 82,104-107.
Donham, D. L. (1998). Freeing South Africa: The” Modernization” of Male‐Male Sexuality in Soweto. Cultural Anthropology, 13(1), 3-21.
DOI: 10.1525/can.1998.13.1.3 n
Ratele, K. 2009. „Apartheid, Anti-apartheid and Post-apartheid Sexualities‟, in Steyn, M. & Van Zyl, M. (ed.), 2009. The Prize and the Price: Shaping Sexualities in South Africa. Human Science Research Council Press, Cape Town, South Africa.
Stychin, C. 1996. „The Struggle for Sexual Orientation in the South African Bill of Rights‟, in Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 23, No. 4. pp. 255-283. DOI: 10.2307/1410476
Posel, D., ‘Sex, Death and the Fate of the Nation: Reflections on the Politicization of Sexuality in Post-Apartheid South Africa’, Africa, 75, 2, 2005. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2005.75.2.125
Robins, S., ‘Sexual Politics and the Zuma Rape Trial’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 34, 2, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070802038066
De Vos, P. (2000). Sexual orientation and the right to equality in the South African constitution. South African Law Journal, 117(1), 17-42.
Moodie, T. D., Ndatshe, V., & Sibuyi, B. (1988). Migrancy and male sexuality on the South African gold mines. Journal of Southern African Studies, 14(2), 229-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057078808708172
Visser, G. (2008). The homonormalisation of white heterosexual leisure spaces in Bloemfontein, South Africa. Geoforum, 39, 1344-1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.11.004
Salo, E., & Davids, B. (2009). Glamour, glitz and girls: The meanings of femininity in high school matric ball culture in urban South Africa. In M. Steyn & M. Van Zyl (Eds.), The prize and the price: shaping sexualities in Sauth Africa (pp. 39-54). Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Sanger, N. (2010). “The real problems need to be fixed first”: Public discourses on sexuality and gender in South Africa. Agenda, 24(83), 114-125.
Hames, M. (2007). Sexual identity and transformation at a South African university. Social Dynamics, 33(1), 52-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533950708628743
Gunkel, H. 2009. „Through the Postcolonial Eyes: Images of Gender and Female Sexuality in Contemporary South Africa‟, Journal of Lesbian Studies. Vol. 13, no.1, pp. 77-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07380560802314219
Sanger, N. 2010. „The real problems need to be fixed first: Public discourses on sexuality and gender in South Africa‟. Agenda: Empowering women for gender equity. Vol. 24, no.83, pp. 114-125.
Spruill, J.H. 2000. A Post- With/Out a Past? Sexual Orientation and the Post-Colonial „Moment‟ in South Africa, in: Carl Stychin and Didi Herman, eds. Sexuality in the Legal Arena. London: The Athlone Press, pp. 3-16
Morrell, R. (2003). Silence, sexuality and HIV/AIDS in South African schools. The Australian Educational Researcher, 30(1), 41-62. DOI: 10.1007/BF03216780
Vincent, L. (2008). ‗Boys will be boys‘: Traditional Xhosa male circumcision, HIV and sexual socialisation in contemporary South Africa. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(5), 431-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050701861447
Wilbraham, L. (2009). Manufacturing willingness: Parents and young people talking about sex in an HIV&AIDS epidemic. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(1), 59-74. doi: 10.1177/008124630903900105
Delius, P. & Glaser, C. (2002). Sexual socialization in South Africa: A historical perspective. African Studies, 61(1), 27-54. DOI: 10.1080/00020180220140064
Delius, P. & Glaser, C. (2004). The myth of polygamy: A history of extra-marital and multipartnership sex in South Africa. South African Historical Journal, 50(1), 84-114. DOI:
10.1080/02582470409464797
Bennett, J. (2001). ‘Enough lip service!’ Hearing post-colonial experience of heterosexual abuse, conflict and sex wars as a state of concern. Agenda, 50, 88 – 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2001.9675998
Donham, D. L. (2005). Freeing South Africa: The “Modernization” of Male-Male Sexuality in Soweto. In J. Robertson (Ed.), Same-sex cultures and sexualities: An anthropological reader (pp. 33 – 47). Oxford: Blackwell.
Pattman, R. (2005). ‘Boys and Girls should not be too Close’: Sexuality, the Identities of African Boys and Girls and HIV/AIDS Education. Sexualities, 8 (4), 497 – 516.
Shefer, T., Strebel, A. & Foster, D. (2000). “So women have to submit to that…”: Discourses of power and violence in student’s talk on heterosexual negotiation. South African Journal of Psychology, 30 (2), 11 – 19. doi: 10.1177/008124630003000202
Wilbraham, L. (1996). “Avoiding the ultimate break-up” After Infidelity: The Marketisation of Counselling and Relationship-work for Women in a South African Advice Column. Psychology in Society, 21, 27 – 48.
Bhana, D. (2007). Childhood sexuality and rights in the context of HIV/AIDS. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 9(3), 309-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050601116686
Ratele, K. 2006. Ruling masculinity and sexuality. Feminist Africa 6: Subaltern Sexualities 6 (September 2006):48-63.